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Explain IT industry certifications.
This course is focused on the following two industry-standard certifications:
       -          CompTIA A+
       -          European Certification of Informatics Professional (EUCIP) IT Administrator Certification (Modules 1 and 2)

After completing this section, you will meet these objectives:
      -          Identify education and certifications.
      -          Describe the A+ Certification.
      -     Describe the EUCIP Certification.
Identify education and certifications.
Information Technology (IT) is a term that encompasses the relationship between hardware, software, networks, and technical assistance provided to users.
This course covers the following topics:
      -          Personal computers
      -          Safe lab procedures
      -          Troubleshooting
      -          Operating systems
      -          Laptop computers
      -          Printers and scanners
      -          Networks
      -          Security
      -          Communication skills
A technician may continue to study and earn the following certifications:
      -          CCNA – Cisco Certified Networking Associate
      -          CCNP – Cisco Certified Networking Professional
      -          CCIE – Cisco Certified Internetworking Expert
      -          CISSP – Certified Information Systems Security Professional
      -          MCP – Microsoft Certified Professional
      -          MCSA – Microsoft Certified Systems Administrator
      -          MCSE – Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer
      -          Network+ – CompTIA Network Certification
      -          Linux+ – CompTIA Linux Certification

Describe the EUCIP certification.
 The EUCIP IT Administrator program offers a recognized certification of competence in IT.
The EUCIP IT Administrator Certification consists of five modules, with a corresponding exam for each module. This course will prepare you for Modules 1 and 2.
      -          Module 1: PC Hardware
The PC Hardware module requires that the candidate understand the basic makeup of a personal computer and the functions of the components.
       -          Module 2: Operating Systems
The Operating Systems module requires that the candidate be familiar with the procedures for installing and updating most common operating systems and applications.
      -          Module 3: Local Area Network and Network Services
The Local Area Network and Network Services module requires that the candidate be familiar with the procedure of installing, using, and managing local area networks. The candidate should be able to add and remove users and shared resources. The candidate should know how to use system tools for troubleshooting and repairing networks.
       -          Module 4: Expert Network Use
This module is beyond the scope of the IT Essentials course, although some of the topics are covered. The Expert Network Use module requires that the candidate understand LAN communication.
       -          Module 5: IT Security
This module is beyond the scope of the IT Essentials course, although some of the topics are covered. The IT Security module requires that the candidate be familiar with security methods and features that are available for a standalone or networked computer.

Describe cases   
A computer case contains the framework to support the internal components of a computer while providing an enclosure for added protection.
Computer cases are referred to in a number of ways:
-          Computer chassis
-          Cabinet
-          Tower
-          Box
-          Housing
There are many factors that must be considered when choosing a case:
-          The size of the motherboard
-          The number of external or internal drive locations called bays
-          Available space.

Power Supply is a hardware device that serves to supply power directly to the chassis kekomponen requiring voltage.
Describe power supplies          
Power Supply is a hardware device that serves to supply power directly to the chassis kekomponen requiring voltage.
Connectors
Different connectors are used to connect specific components to various ports on the motherboard:
-          A Molex connector is a keyed connector used to connect to an optical drive or a hard drive.
-          A Berg connector is a keyed connector used to connect to a floppy drive. A Berg connector is smaller than a Molex connector.
-          A 20-pin or 24-pin slotted connector is used to connect to the motherboard. The 24-pin slotted connector has two rows of 12 pins each, and the 20-pin slotted connector has two rows of 10 pins each.
-          A 4-pin to 8-pin auxiliary power connector has two rows of two to four pins and supplies power to all areas of the motherboard. The 4-pin to 8-pin auxiliary power connector is the same shape as the main power connector, but smaller.
Electricity and Ohm's Law
These are the four basic units of electricity:
-          Voltage (V)
-          Current (I)
-          Power (P)
-          Resistance (R)
Voltage, current, power, and resistance are electronic terms that a computer technician must know:
Voltage is a measure of the force required to push electrons through a circuit.
Power is a measure of the pressure required to push electrons through a circuit, called voltage, multiplied by the number of electrons going through that circuit, called current.
Resistance is the opposition to the flow of current in a circuit. Resistance is measured in ohms.
Identify the names, purposes, and characteristics of motherboards 
The motherboard is the main printed circuit board and contains the buses, or electrical pathways, found in a computer.
Identify the names, purposes, and characteristics of CPUs           
The central processing unit (CPU) is considered the brain of the computer.
 There are two major CPU architectures related to instruction sets:
-          Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) : Architectures use a relatively small set of instructions, and RISC chips are designed to execute these instructions very rapidly.
-          Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) : Architectures use a broad set of instructions, resulting in fewer steps per operation.
 The speed of a CPU is rated in cycles per second. The speed of current CPUs is measured in millions of cycles per second, called megahertz (MHz), or billions of cycles per second, called gigahertz (GHz).Current processors have a 32-bit or a 64-bit processor data bus.
Overclocking is a technique used to make a processor work at a faster speed than its original specification.
MMX is a set of multimedia instructions built into Intel processors.
The latest processor technology has resulted in CPU manufacturers finding ways to incorporate more than one CPU core onto a single chip. Figure 2 lists the most common multiple core processors. These CPUs are capable of processing multiple instructions concurrently:
-          Single Core CPU : One core inside a single CPU that handles all of the processing capability. A motherboard manufacturer may provide sockets for more than one single processor, providing the ability to build a powerful, multi-processor computer.
-          Dual Core CPU : Two cores inside a single CPU in which both cores can process information at the same time.
-          Triple Core CPU : Three cores inside a single CPU that is actually a quad-core processor with one of the cores disabled.
-          Quad Core CPU : Four cores inside a single CPU in which all cores can process information simultaneously for enhanced software applications.
Identify the names, purposes, and characteristics of ROM and RAM        
-          ROM
Read-only memory (ROM) chips are located on the motherboard. ROM chips contain instructions that can be directly accessed by the CPU. Basic instructions for booting the computer and loading the operating system are stored in ROM.
-          RAM
Random access memory (RAM) is the temporary storage for data and programs that are being accessed by the CPU. RAM is volatile memory, which means that the contents are erased when the computer is powered off.
-          Memory Modules
Early computers had RAM installed on the motherboard as individual chips.
Double Data Rate (DDR) technology doubles the maximum bandwidth of SDRAM. DDR2 offers faster performance while using less energy. DDR3 operates at even higher speeds than DDR2; however, none of these DDR technologies are backward- or forward-compatible. See Figure 4 for a chart comparing different memory types and speeds.
Cache
SRAM is used as cache memory to store the most frequently used data. SRAM provides the processor with faster access to the data than retrieving it from the slower DRAM, or main memory.
Identify the names, purposes, and characteristics of adapter cards  
Adapter cards are used to expand and customize the capability of the computer:
-          Network Interface Card (NIC) : Connects a computer to a network using a network cable
-          Wireless NIC : Connects a computer to a network using radio frequencies
-          Sound adapter : Provides audio capability
-          Video adapter :  Provides graphic capability
-          Capture card : Sends a video signal to a computer so that the signal can be recorded to the computer hard drive with Video Capture software
-          TV tuner :  Provides the ability to watch and record TV signals on a PC by connecting a TV source, such as cable TV, satellite, or an antenna, to the installed tuner card
-          Modem adapter : Connects a computer to the Internet using a phone line
-          Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) adapter : Connects SCSI devices, such as hard drives or tape drives, to a computer
-          Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID) adapter : Connects multiple hard drives to a computer to provide redundancy and to improve performance
-          Universal Bus port (USB) Serial: Menghubungkan komputer ke perangkat peripheral
-          Port paralel: Menghubungkan komputer ke perangkat peripheral
-          Serial port: Menghubungkan komputer ke perangkat peripheral
Identify the names, purposes, and characteristics of storage drives        
Here are some common types of storage drives:

Floppy drive
Hard drive
Optical drive
Flash drive
Floppy Drive

A floppy drive, or floppy disk drive, is a storage device that uses removable 3.5-inch floppy disks.

Hard Drive
A hard drive, or hard disk drive, is a magnetic storage device that is installed inside the computer. The hard drive is used as permanent storage for data.

Optical Drive
An optical drive is a storage device that uses lasers to read data on the optical media. There are three types of optical drives:

Compact Disc (CD)
Digital versatile Disc (DVD)
Blu-ray Disc (BD)


There are several types of optical media:

-          CD-ROM   CD read-only memory media that is pre-recorded.
-          CD-R   CD recordable media that can be recorded one time.
-          CD-RW   CD rewritable media that can be recorded, erased, and re-recorded.
-          DVD-ROM   DVD read-only memory media that is pre-recorded.
-          DVD-RAM   DVD random access memory media that can be recorded, erased, and re-recorded.
-          DVD+/-R   DVD recordable media that can be recorded one time.
-          DVD+/-RW   DVD rewritable media that can be recorded, erased, and re-recorded.
-          BD-ROM   BD read-only media that is pre-recorded with movies, games, or software.
-          BD-R   BD recordable media that can record HD video and PC data storage one time.
-          BD-RE   BD rewritable format for HD video recording and PC data storage.
External Flash Drive
An external flash drive, also known as a thumb drive, is a removable storage device that connects to a USB port.
Types of Drive Interfaces
Here are some common drive interfaces:
-          IDE   Integrated Drive Electronics.
-          EIDE   Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics.
-          PATA  
-          SATA  
-          eSATA
-          SCSI
RAID provides a way to store data across multiple hard disks for redundancy. To the operating system, RAID appears as one logical disk. See Figure 2 for a comparison of the different RAID levels. The following terms describe how RAID stores data on the various disks:
-          Parity   A method used to detect data errors.
-          Striping   A method used to write data across multiple drives.
-          Mirroring   A method of storing duplicate data to a second drive.
Identify the names, purposes, and characteristics of ports and cables      
Input/output (I/O) ports on a computer connect peripheral devices, such as printers, scanners, and portable drives. The following ports and cables are commonly used:
-          Serial
-          USB
-          FireWire
-          Parallel
-          SCSI
-          Network
-          PS/2
-          Audio
-          Video
Serial Ports and Cables
The serial cable used to connect an external modem to a computer.
USB Ports and Cables
The Universal Serial Bus (USB) is a standard interface that connects peripheral devices to a computer.
FireWire Ports and Cables
FireWire is a high-speed, hot-swappable interface that connects peripheral devices to a computer.
Parallel Ports and Cables
A parallel port on a computer is a standard Type A DB-25 female connector.
SCSI Ports and Cables
A SCSI port can transmit parallel data at rates in excess of 320 MBps and can support up to 15 devices.
Network Ports and Cables
A network port, also known as an RJ-45 port, connects a computer to a network.
PS/2 Ports
A PS/2 port connects a keyboard or a mouse to a computer.
Audio Ports
An audio port connects audio devices to the computer.
Video Ports and Connectors
There are several video port and connector types:
-          Video Graphics Array (VGA)   VGA has a 3-row, 15-pin female connector and provides analog output to a monitor.
-          Digital Visual Interface (DVI)   DVI has a 24-pin female connector or a 29-pin female connector and provides an uncompressed digital output to a monitor. DVI-I provides both analog and digital signals. DVI-D provides digital signals only.
-          High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMi)   HDMi has a 19-pin connector and provides digital video and digital audio signals.
-          S-Video   S-Video has a 4-pin connector and provides analog video signals.
-          Component/RGB   RGB has three shielded cables (red, green, blue) with RCA jacks and provides analog video signals.
Identify the names, purposes, and characteristics of input devices  
Here are some examples of input devices:
-          Mouse and keyboard
-          Digital camera and digital video camera
-          Biometric authentication device
-          Touch screen
-          Scanner
The mouse and keyboard are the two most commonly used input devices. The mouse is used to navigate the graphical user interface (GUI). The keyboard is used to enter text commands that control the computer.
A keyboard, video, mouse (KVM) switch is a hardware device that can be used to control more than one computer using a single keyboard, monitor, and mouse.
Digital cameras and digital video cameras, create images that can be stored on magnetic media. The image is stored as a file that can be displayed, printed, or altered.
Biometric identification makes use of features that are unique to an individual user, such as fingerprints, voice recognition, or a retinal scan.
A touch screen has a pressure-sensitive transparent panel. The computer receives instructions specific to the place on the screen that the user touches.
A scanner digitizes an image or document. The digitization of the image is stored as a file that can be displayed, printed, or altered.
Identify the names, purposes, and characteristics of output devices         
Here are some examples of output devices:
-          Monitors and projectors
-          Printers, scanners, and fax machines
-          Speakers and headphones
-          Monitors and Projectors
Monitors and projectors are primary output devices for a computer. There are different types of monitors, The most important difference between these monitor types is the technology used to create an image:
-          CRT   The cathode-ray tube (CRT) has three electron beams. Each beam directs colored phosphor on the screen that glows either red, blue, or green. Areas not struck by an electron beam do not glow.
-          LCD   Liquid crystal display is commonly used in flat panel monitors, laptops, and some projectors.
-          DLP   Digital light processing is another technology used in projectors.
Pixels are the tiny dots that comprise a screen. Each pixel consists of red, green, and blue.
Dot pitch   Dot pitch is the distance between pixels on the screen. A lower dot pitch number produces a better image.
Contrast ratio   The contrast ratio is a measurement of the difference in intensity of light between the brightest point (white) and the darkest point (black).
Refresh rate   The refresh rate is how often per second the image is rebuilt.
Interlace/Non-Interlace   Interlaced monitors create the image by scanning the screen two times. The first scan covers the odd lines, top to bottom, and the second scan covers the even lines.
Horizontal Vertical Colors (HVC)   The number of pixels in a line is the horizontal resolution. The number of lines in a screen is the vertical resolution.
Aspect ratio   Aspect ratio is the horizontal to vertical measurement of the viewing area of a monitor.
Native resolution   Native resolution is the number of pixels that a monitor has.
pixels. Native mode is when the image sent to the monitor matches the native resolution of the monitor.
Here are some common monitor settings:
       -          Brightness   Intensity of the image
       -          Contrast   Ratio of light to dark
       -          Position   Vertical and horizontal location of image on the screen
       -          Reset   Returns the monitor settings to factory settings
-          Adding additional monitors increases the number of windows that are visible on the desktop.
All-in-One Printer
Printers are output devices that create hard copies of computer files.
Speakers and Headphones
Speakers and headphones are output devices for audio signals.
Explain system resources and their purposes
There are three common system resources:
-          Interrupt Requests (IRQ)
-          Input/Output (I/O) Port Addresses
-          Direct Memory Access (DMA)
-          Interrupt Requests

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